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          滚珠鼠标历史
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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="滚珠鼠标历史"><a href="#滚珠鼠标历史" class="headerlink" title="滚珠鼠标历史"></a>滚珠鼠标历史</h1><p>#滚珠鼠标 #历史 #科普 #中科院物理所</p>
<ul>
<li>中科院物理所看到的文章，有必要了解一下</li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNTA5NTYxOA==&mid=2651397946&idx=1&sn=8adadd87fd4241aa2a1f26bea267ed24&chksm=80dc5697b7abdf813459e957f9cdef5b7c96496bddf8872cfed05f3869dbcd842dad9a055c03&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=0219hQnkZBFSdcBS7Bietst8&sharer_shareinfo=7ffe2a082acdc1f5103fb6346ee95922&sharer_shareinfo_first=b1e87cfc04cc65bc53771d3f0f5c018c#rd">鼠标里的小球，是什么时候消失的?</a></li>
</ul>
 <span id="more"></span> 

<h2 id="基本结构与原理"><a href="#基本结构与原理" class="headerlink" title="基本结构与原理"></a>基本结构与原理</h2><h3 id="基本结构"><a href="#基本结构" class="headerlink" title="基本结构"></a>基本结构</h3><p>大概长这样：</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/ea7784e6c0948a79c2cc831371247514.jpeg" alt="上世纪滚珠机械鼠标" style="zoom:50%;" />

<p>最经典的元素就是其中嵌入底部的一颗珠子 —— 被称为滚珠</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/1.jpg" alt="内部拆解图片" style="zoom: 33%;" />

<blockquote>
<p>那种鼠标叫机械鼠标，那个滚珠我们叫“滚轮”，在鼠标里面有横竖两个相互垂直可以转动的轴紧挨着滚轮，横竖两个轴相当于我们平面几何中的 X、Y 轴，通过滚轮的转动，带动两个轴的转动，确定你的鼠标运动方向，同时反映在屏幕上</p>
</blockquote>
<p>也就是通过两根传动轴控制在屏幕上光标所显示的位置。</p>
<h3 id="基本原理"><a href="#基本原理" class="headerlink" title="基本原理"></a>基本原理</h3><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/2.png" alt="image-20240219153318213" style="zoom:80%;" />

<h2 id="鼠标历史"><a href="#鼠标历史" class="headerlink" title="鼠标历史"></a>鼠标历史</h2><p>咳咳，真鼠标（bushi）</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/3.png" alt="真鼠标" style="zoom:40%;" />

<h3 id="最早的鼠标"><a href="#最早的鼠标" class="headerlink" title="最早的鼠标"></a>最早的鼠标</h3><p>这个就是最早的鼠标的真实外观：</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/4.webp" alt="最早的鼠标" style="zoom:50%;" />

<blockquote>
<p>最早呢，可以追溯到 1952 年，皇家加拿大海军将 5 针保龄球放在能够侦测球面转动的硬件上，这个硬件再将信息转化成光标在屏幕上移动，用作军事计算机输入。这是我们能够追溯到的最早的依靠手部运动进行光标移动的输入设备。但当时这个东西不叫鼠标，而且看上去也不像 mouse。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="后来"><a href="#后来" class="headerlink" title="后来"></a>后来</h3><img src="photo/5.webp" alt="后来" style="zoom:33%;" />

<blockquote>
<p>1968 年，美国斯坦福研究院的道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特（Douglas  Engelbart）在某个展会上展出了这个鼠标原型，这整个装置由一个木盒子组成，表面有一个按钮，下面是横竖向两个轮子，用来记录 XY 坐标的位置。在当时，他们实验室内部因为这个拖着长长线材的装置长得像老鼠，所以一直戏称为 Mouse。斯坦福研究院为这个装置申请了专利时取名叫显示系统 X-Y 位置指示器，在 1970 年获得了通过，在此后还授权给苹果、施乐等公司。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>当恩格尔巴特的团队研制出“显示系统 XY 位置指示器”的同时，德国的一个团队也在研制类似的设备，而且，德国团队的这个设备正是 <strong>受到了早期雷达站的轨迹球启发。</strong></p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/6.JPG" alt="图片" style="zoom:33%;" />

<p>虽然没有成功申请到专利，但 RKS100-86 算是最早的带滚珠的鼠标了。在 20 世纪七八十年代，越来越多的滚珠鼠标出现。</p>
<p>Alto 是为基于 GUI 的操作系统设计的，后来使用了桌面隐喻。第一台机器于 1973 年 3 月 1 日推出，并在施乐的设计启发苹果公司发布第一台大众市场 GUI 计算机之前十年开始限量生产。</p>
<p>施乐阿尔托是施乐 PARC（帕洛阿尔托研究中心）于 1970  年代开发的计算机系统。它被各种认为是最早的工作站或个人计算机之一，它的发展开创了现代计算的许多方面。它具有图形用户界面  （GUI）、鼠标、以太网网络以及同时运行多个应用程序的能力。它是最早使用所见即所得（所见即所得）文本编辑器的计算机之一，并具有位图显示。Alto 在商业上没有成功，但它对未来计算机系统的发展产生了重大影响。</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/7.JPG" alt="1024px-Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner" style="zoom:33%;" />

<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/8.JPG" alt="图片" style="zoom:50%;" />

<p>1984 年，苹果公司发布了面向大众消费市场的 <strong>麦金塔电脑——Macintosh 128k。</strong> 当时这款电脑配备的也是滚珠鼠标。</p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/9.JPG" alt="图片" style="zoom:33%;" />

<p>随着 20 世纪八九十年代个人电脑的普及，滚动鼠标也进入了千家万户，几乎成为了当时的标配。</p>
<p>1980 年，麻省理工学院的史蒂夫·基尔什（Steve Kirsch）研制出了一款光学鼠标。这款鼠标不再是通过检测滚珠的运动状况来控制光标，而是由鼠标内部的 <strong>红外线 LED 灯、红外线传感器外加一个特制的鼠标垫配合操纵。</strong></p>
<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/10.JPG" alt="图片" style="zoom:50%;" />

<p>没错，<strong>这款鼠标只能在特制的鼠标垫上使用，</strong> 而且如果鼠标垫的方向放错了，鼠标也是没有办法正常工作的，这跟当时的滚珠鼠标相比还是相当不方便的，况且，还有鼠标垫磨损导致定位飘忽的问题。</p>
<p>而同样是在 1980 年，施乐公司的理查德·里昂（Richard Lyon）也发明了一款基于光学传感器的鼠标。鼠标配备了一款 <strong>16 像素的可见光图像传感器。</strong></p>
<p>简单地说，这个鼠标的工作原理是在移动时对鼠标下方进行快速拍照，通过比对照片之间的差别判断出鼠标的位置移动。</p>
<p>但 16 像素的分辨率实在是太低了，而要处理更高分辨率的图像，就需要内置一个处理能力更强大的芯片，在 20 世纪 80 年代初，这个成本还比较高。</p>
<p>到了 20 世纪 90 年代末，微软、惠普（后来拆分出“安捷伦”）开始发布自己的光学鼠标。尽管当时光学鼠标的价格比机械鼠标要贵，但因为 <strong>光学鼠标可以在大部分物体表面上使用，</strong> 而且不像机械鼠标那样需要时不时把鼠标球拿出来清理，光学鼠标也开始占据自己的市场。</p>
<p>不过，<strong>普通的 LED 光学鼠标有个缺陷，那就是它们不能在特别光滑的物体表面或者玻璃桌面上使用。</strong> 如果你使用过早期的光学鼠标可能会有这样的经历，早期的光学鼠标在特别光滑的桌面上使用就很容易“飘”。</p>
<p>而另一种类型的光学鼠标就可以解决这个问题。</p>
<p>在 20 世纪 90 年代末，激光鼠标开始出现。激光鼠标使用激光而不是 LED 光源来照明，激光可以显著提高拍摄的图像分辨率，这可以提高鼠标的灵敏度（DPI）。而到了 21 世纪初，<strong>激光鼠标已经更加全能，几乎能在所有类型的物体表面上发挥作用（也包括玻璃）。</strong></p>
<p>现在我们在网上能买到的主要就是基于 LED 光或者激光的光学鼠标。如果你只是购买一个日常办公用的鼠标，这两种鼠标的差别不是很大。唯一需要注意的是，<strong>如果你的桌面非常光滑，或者经常在玻璃桌面上办公，还是建议使用激光鼠标。</strong></p>
<h3 id="早期外设接口"><a href="#早期外设接口" class="headerlink" title="早期外设接口"></a>早期外设接口</h3><h4 id="PS-2-接口"><a href="#PS-2-接口" class="headerlink" title="PS&#x2F;2 接口"></a>PS&#x2F;2 接口</h4><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/11.png" alt="1280px-MiniDIN-6_Connector_Pinout.svg" style="zoom:20%;" />

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">产品历史</th>
<th align="center"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">设计者</td>
<td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM">IBM</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">设计时间</td>
<td align="center">1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">一般规格</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚</td>
<td align="center">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">连接器</td>
<td align="center">Mini-DIN</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">引脚 1</th>
<th align="center">+DATA</th>
<th align="center">资料</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">引脚 2</td>
<td align="center">Reserved</td>
<td align="center">保留*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 3</td>
<td align="center">GND</td>
<td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%BA%BF">地线</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 4</td>
<td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vcc&action=edit&redlink=1">Vcc</a></td>
<td align="center">+5 伏特直流电，可供应 275mA 的电流</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 5</td>
<td align="center">+CLK</td>
<td align="center">时钟频率（时钟）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 6</td>
<td align="center">Reserved</td>
<td align="center">保留**</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>* 一些笔记本电脑用分接线接到鼠标的信号线。</li>
<li>**一些笔记本电脑用分接线接到鼠标的时钟频率线。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="RS232"><a href="#RS232" class="headerlink" title="RS232"></a>RS232</h4><p>也称标准串口，是目前最常用的一种串行通讯接口。它是在 1970 年由 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83">美国电子工业协会</a>（EIA）联合 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">贝尔系统</a>、 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E8%A7%A3%E8%B0%83%E5%99%A8">调制解调器</a> 厂家及计算机终端生产厂家共同制定的用于串行通讯的标准。它的全名是“<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%88%E7%AB%AF%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87&action=edit&redlink=1">数据终端设备</a>（DTE）和 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87&action=edit&redlink=1">数据通讯设备</a>（DCE）之间串行二进制数据交换接口技术标准”。传统的 RS-232-C 接口标准有 22 根线，<strong>采用标准 25 芯 D 型插头座。自 IBM  PC&#x2F;AT 开始使用简化了的 9 芯 D 型插座。至今 25 芯插头座现代应用中已经很少采用</strong>。电脑一般有两个串行口：COM1 和 COM2，9 针 D 形接口通常在计算机后面能看到。现在有很多手机数据线或者 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1">物流接收器</a> 都采用 COM 口与计算机相连。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DB-9 Male（Pin Side）                    DB-9 Female （Pin Side）</span><br><span class="line">    -------------                          -------------</span><br><span class="line">    \ 1 2 3 4 5 /                          \ 5 4 3 2 1 /</span><br><span class="line">     \ 6 7 8 9 /                            \ 9 8 7 6 /</span><br><span class="line">      ---------                              ---------</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>信号</th>
<th>DB-25</th>
<th>DB-9</th>
<th>EIA&#x2F;TIA 561</th>
<th>Yost</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>公共接地</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4,5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>发送数据（TD、TXD）</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>接受数据（RD、RXD）</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据终端准备（DTR）</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据准备好（DSR）</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>请求发送（RTS）</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>清除发送（CTS）</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据载波检测（DCD）</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>振铃指示（RI）</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>－</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>脚位</th>
<th>简写</th>
<th>意义</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Pin1</td>
<td>DCD</td>
<td>Data Carrier Detect</td>
<td>调制解调器通知电脑有载波被侦测到。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin2</td>
<td>RXD</td>
<td>Receiver</td>
<td>接收资料。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin3</td>
<td>TXD</td>
<td>Transmit</td>
<td>发送资料。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin4</td>
<td>DTR</td>
<td>Data Terminal Ready</td>
<td>电脑告诉调制解调器可以进行传输。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin5</td>
<td>GND</td>
<td>Ground</td>
<td>地线。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin6</td>
<td>DSR</td>
<td>Data Set Ready</td>
<td>调制解调器告诉电脑一切准备就绪。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin7</td>
<td>RTS</td>
<td>Request To Send</td>
<td>电脑要求调制解调器将资料提交。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin8</td>
<td>CTS</td>
<td>Clear To Send</td>
<td>调制解调器通知电脑可以传资料过来。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pin9</td>
<td>RI</td>
<td>Ring Indicator</td>
<td>调制解调器通知电脑有电话进来。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>TXD DTE-&gt; DCE   DTE SEND DATA</p>
<p>RXD DCE-&gt; DTE   DTE RECEIVE DATA</p>
<p>RTS DTE-&gt; DCE   DTE REQUEST SEND</p>
<p>CTS DCE-&gt; DTE   ACK TO DTE’S RTS</p>
<p>DSR DCE-&gt; DTE   DCE IS READY</p>
<p>GND</p>
<p>DCD DCE-&gt; DTE   DC DETECTED</p>
<p>DTR DTE-&gt; DCE   DTE IS READY</p>
<p>RI DCE-&gt; DTE   RING INDICATION</p>
<h4 id="USB"><a href="#USB" class="headerlink" title="USB"></a>USB</h4><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/zhywjml/tupian@main/12.png" alt="标准USB A型连接器（左）及B型连接器（右）" style="zoom:20%;" />

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">引脚 1</th>
<th></th>
<th align="center">VCC（+5V）</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">引脚 2</td>
<td></td>
<td align="center">Data-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 3</td>
<td></td>
<td align="center">Data+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">引脚 4</td>
<td></td>
<td align="center">接地</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

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